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<title>CAP computer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CAP computer</span></span>

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<p>The Cambridge <b>CAP computer</b> was the first successful experimental computer that demonstrated the use of <a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">security capabilities</a>, both in <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p96_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed at the <a href="University_of_Cambridge_Computer_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory">University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory</a> in the 1970s. Unlike most research machines of the time, it was also a useful service machine.<sup id="cite_ref-p96_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p96-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The sign currently on the front of the machine reads:

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<p>The CAP project on memory protection ran from 1970 to 1977. It was based on capabilities implemented in hardware, under <a href="Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">M. Wilkes</a> and <a href="Roger_Needham" title="Roger Needham">R. Needham</a> with <a href="David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">D. Wheeler</a> responsible for the implementation. R. Needham was awarded a <a href="British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">BCS</a> Technical Award in 1978 for the <i>CAP (Capability Protection) Project</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The CAP was designed such that any access to a memory segment or hardware required that the current process held the necessary capabilities.

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<p>The 32-bit processor featured microprogramming control, two 256-entry <a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">caches</a>, a 32-entry write buffer and the capability unit itself, which had 64 registers for holding evaluated capabilities. <a href="Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a> operations were available using a single 72-bit accumulator. The instruction set featured over 200 instructions, including basic ALU and memory operations, to capability- and process-control instructions.

</p><p>Instead of the programmer-visible registers used in Chicago and <a href="Plessey_System_250" title="Plessey System 250">Plessey System 250</a> designs, the CAP would load internal registers silently when a program defined a capability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memory was divided into segments of up to 64K 32-bit words. Each segment could contain data or capabilities, but not both. Hardware was accessed via an associated minicomputer.

</p><p>All procedures constituting the operating system were written in <a href="ALGOL_68C" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a>, although a number of other closely associated protected procedures - such as a paginator - are written in <a href="BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>The CAP first became operational in 1976. A fully functional computer, it featured a complete <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, <a href="File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, and so on. The OS used a <a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> tree structure, with an initial process called the "Master coordinator". This removed the need for separate modes of operation, as each process could directly access the resources of its children. In practice, only two levels were ever used during the CAP's operation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1981 the <a href="SPITBOL" title="SPITBOL">MACRO SPITBOL</a> version of the SNOBOL4 programming language was implemented on the CAP by Nicholas J. L. Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CAP_computer" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:CAP computer">CAP computer</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Plessey_System_250" title="Plessey System 250">Plessey System 250</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">IBM System/38</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes and Needham, p. 32</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Nicholas J. L. (1981, April). <i>CAP SPITBOL Manual and User's Guide</i>. Unpublished undergraduate dissertation. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkesNeedham1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes, M. V.</a>; <a href="Roger_Needham" title="Roger Needham">Needham, R. M.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/72418/cap.pdf"><i>The Cambridge CAP Computer and Its Operating System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Elsevier North Holland.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLevy1984" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Henry M. (1984). "The Cambridge CAP Computer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/levy/capabook/Chapter5.pdf"><i>Capability-Based Computer Systems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Digital Press.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Object-capability_security187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Object-capability_model" title="Object-capability model">Object-capability</a> security</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_least_privilege" title="Principle of least privilege">Principle of least privilege</a> (PoLP)</li>

<li><a href="Confused_deputy_problem" title="Confused deputy problem">Confused deputy problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambient_authority" title="Ambient authority">Ambient authority</a></li>

<li><a href="File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">File descriptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-capability_model" title="Object-capability model">Object-capability model</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based security</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability-based_addressing" title="Capability-based addressing">Capability-based addressing</a></li>

<li><a href="Zooko's_triangle" title="Zooko's triangle">Zooko's triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Petname" title="Petname">Petnames</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a>,<br><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capsicum_(Unix)" title="Capsicum (Unix)">Capsicum</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a> → <a href="KeyKOS" title="KeyKOS">KeyKOS</a> → <a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a> → CapROS</li>

<li><a href="Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></li>

<li><a href="NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></li>

<li><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (<a href="HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja–Cajita</a></li>

<li><a href="Joule_(programming_language)" title="Joule (programming language)">Joule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tahoe-LAFS" title="Tahoe-LAFS">Tahoe-LAFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">IBM System/38</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">Intel iAPX 432</a></li>

<li><a href="Plessey_System_250" title="Plessey System 250">Plessey System 250</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability_Hardware_Enhanced_RISC_Instructions" title="Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions">CHERI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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